https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning An educational repository of core concepts, terminology, and software architecture models by Kamran Mushtaq. en-us Wed, 26 Aug 2026 16:24:00 GMT https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/compressed-sparse-row-csr https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/compressed-sparse-row-csr Wed, 12 Aug 2026 22:42:20 GMT ### Definition CSR (Compressed Sparse Row) is a storage format used to efficiently store a sparse matrix. Its role in our system is: Graph ↓ Adjacency Matrix ↓ Mostly 0s ↓ Sparse Matrix ↓ CSR ↓ Efficient storage/querying It avoids physically storing all those zeros. ### The Problem That Led... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/graph https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/graph Wed, 12 Aug 2026 22:23:28 GMT ### Definition A graph is a data structure used to represent entities and the relationships/connections between them. It consists mainly of: * Nodes (vertices) → the entities * Edges → the connections/relationships between those entities Example: A ─── B │ │ │ │ C ─── D Here: ... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/matrix https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/matrix Wed, 12 Aug 2026 22:10:58 GMT ### Definition A matrix is a two-dimensional arrangement of values organized into rows and columns. Its role is to organize data where both dimensions have meaning. Example: Math English Ali 80 70 Sara 90 85 Here: * Row → student * Column → subject * Value → marks So mat... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/vectorized-batch-dispatch https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/vectorized-batch-dispatch Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:40:58 GMT ### Definition Vectorized Batch Dispatch means grouping many similar events together and processing them in parallel instead of handling them one at a time. Its role is to make the system faster when many events arrive together. ### The Problem That Led to It Imagine our simulation receives: 10,0... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/prompt-caching https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/prompt-caching Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:35:13 GMT ### Definition Prompt caching is a technique for reusing work/results from previous requests instead of processing the same request again. In our optimization system: New request → check cache → if matching result exists → reuse it The goal is to save computation and reduce latency. ### The Prob... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/knowledge-distillation https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/knowledge-distillation Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:26:57 GMT ### Definition Knowledge Distillation is the process of teaching a smaller student model to imitate a larger teacher model. In our MoM system: Full LLM (Teacher) → Knowledge Distillation → Surrogate Model (Student) The goal is to make the surrogate good enough at routine decisions so MoM can use ... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/surrogate-model https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/surrogate-model Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:24:36 GMT ### Definition A Surrogate Model is a smaller, cheaper model trained to imitate a larger LLM for routine decisions. Its role in MoM is: Event → MoM → “This is routine” → Surrogate Model → Answer So instead of using the expensive full LLM every time, MoM can send suitable tasks to the surrogate. ... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/mixture-of-models-mom-engine https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/mixture-of-models-mom-engine Mon, 10 Aug 2026 21:23:30 GMT ### Definition A Mixture-of-Models (MoM) Engine is an inference system that chooses the appropriate level of computation for each task. Instead of sending every request to a large LLM, it can route the task to: Full LLM → complex task Surrogate model → routine task Lookup table → already-known r... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/simulation-operations-simops https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/simulation-operations-simops Sun, 09 Aug 2026 21:16:29 GMT ### Definition Simulation Operations (SimOps) are modular, LLM-powered functions that execute the key operations required to run the simulation. They provide the simulation with separate functions for: Initialization → Perception → Policy → Evolution → Update → Readout ### The Problem That Led to... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/state-transition https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/state-transition Sun, 09 Aug 2026 21:00:52 GMT ### Definition State Transition is the formal process F that takes an event and determines how that event changes the current state of the simulation. Its role is: Event → F → Updated State The state may include the agent's internal/external status and/or the environment state. ### The Problem T... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/event-queue https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/event-queue Sun, 09 Aug 2026 20:56:09 GMT ### Definition A place where upcoming events are stored and executed in the correct order. ### The Problem That Led to It Imagine 100 agents generate actions at different times. Without ordering, the simulator wouldn’t know which action happens first. ### What Problem It Solves It orders events by... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/external-status https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/external-status Sun, 09 Aug 2026 20:36:34 GMT ### Definition Observable properties of an agent, such as social network connections or spatial location. Role: It represents the agent's observable situation and relationships within the environment. ### The Problem That Led to It An agent does not exist in isolation. Where it is located and who... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/internal-status https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/internal-status Sun, 09 Aug 2026 20:34:03 GMT ### Definition The dynamic state of an agent that evolves over time, encompassing memory, beliefs, goals, and emotional state. Role: It represents what is changing internally as the agent experiences the simulation. ### The Problem That Led to It An agent's initial characteristics are not enough. ... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/agent-profile https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/agent-profile Sun, 09 Aug 2026 20:32:34 GMT ### Definition A set of static persona attributes—such as demographics, age, income, education, and personality traits—initialized from empirical datasets to ground agent decisions. Role: It establishes the agent's initial characteristics. ### The Problem That Led to It Real people do not all star... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/agent-based-modeling-abm https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/agent-based-modeling-abm Sun, 09 Aug 2026 20:31:02 GMT ### Definition A computational approach for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents to evaluate their effects on the system as a whole. Role: It provides the overall simulation in which agents interact. ### The Problem That Led to It A real system may contain thousands or mill... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/agent https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/agent Sun, 09 Aug 2026 20:29:37 GMT ### Definition An autonomous computational entity designed to emulate human-like behavior, perception, and decision-making within a simulated environment. Role: It is the individual actor inside a simulation. ### The Problem That Led to It Real-world systems contain many individuals who perceive s... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/sdk-software-development-kit https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/sdk-software-development-kit Fri, 31 Jul 2026 21:25:40 GMT ### Definition An SDK (Software Development Kit) is a collection of tools, libraries, documentation, and sample code that helps developers build applications for a specific platform or service. It fits between your code and the platform/API you want to use. ### The Problem That Led to It Before SDK... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/ami-advanced-metering-infrastructure https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/ami-advanced-metering-infrastructure Thu, 30 Jul 2026 21:54:31 GMT ### Definition AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) is a network of smart meters, communication systems, and utility software that enables two-way communication between electricity consumers and the utility company. Unlike traditional electricity meters that only record energy usage and require ma... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/pmu-phasor-measurement-unit https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/pmu-phasor-measurement-unit Thu, 30 Jul 2026 21:49:51 GMT ### Definition A PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) is a high-precision sensor installed in the power grid that measures voltage and current while using GPS time synchronization so that measurements taken at different locations can be compared at the exact same instant. This allows operators to monitor t... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/hmi-human-machine-interface https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/hmi-human-machine-interface Mon, 27 Jul 2026 19:34:54 GMT ### Definition HMI (Human-Machine Interface) is the graphical interface through which human operators interact with SCADA and other industrial control systems in a Cyber-Physical Energy System (CPES). It displays real-time information collected from the power grid—such as voltage, current, breaker s... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/ied-intelligent-electronic-device https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/ied-intelligent-electronic-device Mon, 27 Jul 2026 19:25:03 GMT ### Definition IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) is a specialised smart electronic device designed specifically for electrical power systems. It is installed alongside electrical equipment such as transformers, generators, transmission lines, circuit breakers, and busbars to measure electrical par... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/plc-programmable-logic-controller https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/plc-programmable-logic-controller Mon, 27 Jul 2026 19:08:42 GMT ### Definition A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is an industrial computer installed close to electrical equipment in a Cyber-Physical Energy System (CPES). Its job is to continuously monitor local inputs, make automatic decisions based on a programmed logic, and immediately control connected eq... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/rtu-remote-terminal-unit https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/rtu-remote-terminal-unit Mon, 27 Jul 2026 19:01:15 GMT ### Definition An RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is a field device installed at remote locations in a Cyber-Physical Energy System (CPES), such as substations, power plants, transmission stations, DER sites, and microgrids. Its job is to collect real-time data from electrical equipment (sensors, meters,... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/scada https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/scada Mon, 27 Jul 2026 18:54:37 GMT ### Definition SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is the central control room of a Cyber-Physical Energy System (CPES). Its role is to monitor and control the entire power grid from one location. Instead of operators visiting every power plant, substation, transformer, or DER, SCADA co... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/resistance https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/resistance Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:30:29 GMT ### Definition Resistance is a material's natural opposition to the movement of electrons, acting as electrical friction. ### The Problem That Led to It Early systems lost power over long distances, and wires mysteriously overheated. Engineers needed to understand what was opposing the flow to prev... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/power https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/power Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:28:49 GMT ### Definition Power is the total electrical energy delivered every second. It is the combined result of both voltage and current ### The Problem That Led to It Measuring only voltage (energy per charge) or current (charges per second) couldn't reveal the actual total work being done. Engineers nee... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/voltage https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/voltage Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:27:15 GMT ### Definition Voltage is the electrical potential energy available for each Coulomb of charge. It dictates how much energy each charge carries through a circuit ### The Problem That Led to It Just moving charges wasn't enough; systems needed a way to pack specific amounts of energy into those carr... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/current https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/current Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:25:30 GMT ### Definition Current is the rate at which electric charge flows through a circuit. It measures the movement of charge per second, acting as the system's flow rate ### The Problem That Led to It Treating "electricity" as one vague concept made it impossible to properly size cables or measure syste... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/electic-field https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/electic-field Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:23:42 GMT ### Definition The electric field is an invisible force established throughout a circuit by voltage, acting as the immediate push that makes electrons drift. ### The Problem That Led to It A battery cannot physically grab and move every distant electron in a long wire. Systems needed a way to trans... https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/charge-separation-how-a-battery-creates-voltage https://kamranmushtaq.com/learning/charge-separation-how-a-battery-creates-voltage Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:21:37 GMT ### Definition A battery chemically separates charges to create voltage (potential difference). It is step one in preparing energy for circuits. ### The Problem That Led to It To transmit power, systems needed electrical pressure. Naturally, charges sit neutrally without pressure, just like water r...